1.1 Purpose and motivation This course is on the Theory of Computation, which tries to answer the following questions: • What are the mathematical properties of computer hardware and software? • What is a computation and what is an algorithm? Can we give rigorous mathematical definitions of these notions? • What are the limitations of computers? Can “everything” be computed? (As we will see, the answer to this question is “no”.) Purpose of the Theory of Computation: Develop formal mathematical models of computation that reflect real-world computers. This field of research was started by mathematicians and logicians in the 1930’s, when they were trying to understand the meaning of a “computation”. A central question asked was whether all mathematical problems can be solved in a systematic way. The research that started in those days led to computers as we know them today. Nowadays, the Theory of Computation can be divided into the following three areas: Complexity Theory, Computability Theory, and Automata Theory.

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Network is the interconnection of a set of devices capable of communication. There may be 2 kinds of devices in the network 1. Host:- also called end system. (desktop, laptop, cell phone) 2. Connecting Devices:- connects to other devices(modem, router, switch) Network Criteria 1. Performance(evaluated by throughput and delay) 2. Reliability(evaluated by frequency of failure) 3. Scalability(Adding processing capacity) 4. Security(protecting data from unauthorized access) Application of Computer Networks 1. Business Application a) Resource Sharing b) High Reliability c) Saving Money 2. Home Application a) Access to Remote Information(WWW) b) Person to Person communication c) Interactive Entertainment(Live TV, Games)

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The operating system is the first piece of software to run on a computer when it is booted. Its job is to coordinate the execution of all other software, mainly user applications. It also provides various common services that are needed by users and applications. 1.1 Operating System Functionality The operating system controls the machine It is common to draw the following picture to show the place of the operating system: This is a misleading picture, because applications mostly execute machine instructions that do not go through the operating system. A better picture is: where we have used a 3-D perspective to show that there is one hardware base, one operating system, but many applications. It also shows the important interfaces: applications can execute only non-privileged machine instructions, and they may also call upon the operating system to perform some service for them. The operating system may use privileged instructions that are not available to applications. And in addition, various hardware devices may generate interrupts that lead to the execution of operating system code.

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Database Management System: Management of data involves a way to store data and also provides a mechanism for manipulation of that data. Database management systems are basically designed to manage large volume of information. A database system is basically just a computerized record-keeping system. A database system involves four major components: data, hardware, software, and users. The database management system (DBMS) is the software that handles all access to the database. It is defined as the collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data. The primary goal of DBMS is to store and retrieve data in both convenient (easy method) and efficient (capable of performing well) manner. Some of the examples of DBMS are Oracle, SQL-Server, MySQL, MS Access etc.

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"Giving machines ability to perform tasks normally associated with human intelligence." AI is intelligence of machines and branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI consists of design of intelligent agents, which is a program that perceives its environment and takes action that maximizes its chance of success. With Ai it comes issues like deduction, reasoning, problem solving, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, perceptron, etc. “Artificial Intelligence is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligence computer systems, that is, systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behavior.”

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